Agreement of the verb with the subject

A Verb must agree with its subject in number and person. Often, by what is called the “Error of Proximity”.
अंग्रेजी भाषा में किसी भी subject के number और person के आधार पर ही किया जाता है अधिकतर यही पर गलतियां होती है इस confusion को दूर करते हैं और आज हम कुछ Rules के बारे में जानते हैं

Rule 1. जब किसी वाक्य में दो या दो से अधिक singular noun or pronoun ,"and" से जुड़े हुए हो तो वहां पर plural verb का ही प्रयोग किया जाता है|
example -: 1. Gold and silver are precious metals.
2. He and I were playing.
3. Fire and water do not agree.
       परंतु यदि Noun किसी एक व्यक्ति वस्तु या विचार के बारे में बताता है तो verb singular रूप में प्रयोग किया जाता है।
example-: 1.The novelist and poet is dead.
2.Bread and butter is his only food.
3.Honor and glory is his reward.

Rule 2. यदि कोई भी दो words , singular subject के साथ with,as well as etc से जुड़ा हो तो verb का singular रूप ही प्रयुक्त होता है।
example-:1.The Mayor,with his councillors is,to be present.
2.Sanskrit as well as English,was taught there.

Rule 3. यदि दो या दो से अधिक singular subject, or अथवा nor से जुड़ा हो तो भी singular verb का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
example.1.Either  the cat or the dog has been here.
2.  Our happiness or our sorrow is largely due to our own actions.
3. Neither praise nor blame seems to affect him.
               परन्तु यदि or और nor से जुड़ने वाले एक भी subject , कहीं plural  हो तो  verb भी plural  ही लगेगा।
example-:1. Neither the Chairman nor the doctors are present.

Rule 4. यदि or और nor से जुड़ने वाले subjects का person अलग अलग हो तो verb हमेशा पास वाले subjects के आधार पर निर्धारित होता है।
example1. Either he or I am mistaken.
2. Neither you nor he is to blame.
           परन्तु यदि इस प्रकार के sentence construction  में कठिनाई अनुभव करे तो आप उसे निम्न प्रकार से भी लिख सकते हैं-
1.He is mistaken,or else I am.
2.He is not to blame,nor are you.
3. You are mistaken,or else he is.
4. My friend is not to blame, nor am I. 

Rule 5. यदि वाक्य में Either, neither,each, everyone,many a, must be का प्रयोग होता है तो हमेशा singular verb का प्रयोग होता है।
example-: 1. He asked me whether either of the applicants was suitable
2. Neither of the two men was very strong .
3.Each of these substances  is found in India.
4. Every one of the prisons is ful. 

5.Every one of the boys loves to ride.
6. Many a man has done so.
7 Many a man does not know his own good deeds .

Rule 6. यदि कोई दो noun  जो कि each और every  से  qualified हो और वे भले ही and से जुड़ा हुआ हो,singular verb का ही प्रयोग होगा।
Example 1. Every boy and every girl was given a packet of sweets.

Rule 7.  कुछ ऐसे भी noun होते हैं जो दिखते तो plural की तरह है लेकिन उनके अर्थ singular की तरह होते हैं तो यहां भी singular verb का ही प्रयोग किया जाएगा
Example 1. The news is true.
2.Politics was with him the business of his life.
3. The wages of sin is death.
4. Mathematics is a branch of study in every school.

Rule 8. Pains और means  के साथ singular और plural दोनों ही प्रकार के verb  प्रयुक्त होते हैं इसलिए इस प्रकार के वाक्य का निर्माण करते समय  तर्कसंगत स्व निर्णय लेना चाहिए।
Example 1. Great pains have been taken.
2. Much pains has been taken.
3. All possible means have been tried.
4.The means employed by you is sufficient.
  परंतु यदि इसी  word, means का अर्थ income  हो तो वहां पर हमेशा plural verb का ही प्रयोग किया  जाता है
1. My means were much reduced owing to that heavy loss.
2. His means are ample.

Rule 9. कुछ ऐसे भी nounहोते हैं जो singular form में होते हैं लेकिन उनके अर्थ plural की तरह होता है तो वहां पर plural verb का ही प्रयोग किया जाता है|
Example 1. According to the present market rate  twelve dozen  cost one hundred rupees.

Rule 10. None यद्यपि पूरी तरह से singular होता है लेकिन सामान्यतःइसके साथ plural verbका ही प्रयोग किया जाता है।
  Example 1.None are so deaf as those who will not hear.

Rule 11. यदि किसी sentence में collective noun का प्रयोग "एक" के अर्थ में हो तो वहां पर singular verb का प्रयोग होगा और यदि उसका अर्थ  "अनेक " के रूप में हैतो वहां पर plural verb का प्रयोग होगा|
Example 1. The committee has issued its report.
2. The committee are divided on one minor point.
यहां एक चीज का ख्याल रखें कि आप their  का प्रयोग ना करें
The committee has appended a note to its( not their) report.

Rule 12. यदि कोई plural noun  किसी single object का या कुछ collective unit  का  नाम हो  या ऐसा बोध प्रतीत होता हो तो उस के साथ हमेशा singular verb का प्रयोग किया जाता है|
Example 1. The United States has a big Navy.
2. Gulliver's Travels was written by Swift .

3.The Arabian Nights is still a great favourite.

Rule 13. यदि कोई  plural noun  कुछ specific quantity या  amount  को प्रकट करता है और पूर्णता (a whole)का बोध कराता हो तो वहां पर singular verb ही प्रयोग किया जाता है|
Example 1. Fifteen minutes is allowed to each speaker.
2. Ten kilometres is a long walk.
3.  Fifty thousand rupees is a large sum.
4. Three parts of the business is left for me to do.

आइये आगे कुछ और verb के proper use के बारे में जानते है -

 Noun+s/es/ies- plural verb
Verb+s/es/ies-singular verb

Rule 14. यदि किसी sentence का subject एक singular noun  हो तो उसके साथ singular verb का प्रयोग करते हैं|
Mohan was always late.

Rule 15. I के साथ विशेष रूप से am और was  को छोड़ plural verb कर का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
I am a teacher.
I was a musician.
I have a laptop.
I write a letter.

Rule 16.You का प्रयोग singular या plural दोनों के रूप में हो सकता है दोनों सूरत में  इसके साथ plural verbका प्रयोग होता है|
you are a student
you are a mechanic
you go there
you were playing

Rule 17. Needn'tऔर daren't का प्रयोग singular या  pluralचाहे कैसा भी subject हो हमेशा plural form  में ही होता है
She needn't go there
They needn't go there
He daren't oppose his father
यहां आप निम्न प्रकार से नहीं लिख सकते_
She needs not go there
He dares not oppose his father
ऊपर दिए गए Examples में needn't और daren't का प्रयोग marginal auxillary verb के रूप में हुआ है अतः इसका प्रयोग singular में नहीं किया जा सकता।

Note 1. लेकिन dare तथा need का प्रयोग main verb के रूप में singular और plural दोनों ही रूप में होता है
He dares to face difficulties
She needs a new battery
They need mobiles

2. लेकिन जब dare  और need  से पहले auxillary verb का प्रयोग होता है तो sentence में dare/need  में कोई परिवर्तन नहीं करते हैं चाहे subject, singular  हो या plural।
He does not dare to go out in the sun
She does not need a pen
I do not need a bike

3. daren'tतथा needn't के बाद to का प्रयोग नहीं होता है 
You needn't go there
(ऐसा नहीं लिखे-you needn't to go there.)

4.यदि dare तथा need का प्रयोग क्रमशः  "हिम्मत होना" तथा" आवश्यकता होना" के अर्थ में main verb के रूप में हो तो इसके बाद to का प्रयोग जरूरत के हिसाब से कर सकते हैं
है
He dares to oppose his father
She needs to come here

Rule18. Suppositional sentence प्रायः   if,as if,as though,if only,suppose, I wish,we wish से शुरू होता है इससे कोरी कल्पना या असंभव शर्त का प्रयोग होता है इस तरह के शब्दों के बाद किसी भी number या person के subject क्यो न हो फिर भी  plural verb"were"का ही प्रयोग होता है|
1.I wish Manisha were my wife.
(I wish Manisha was my wife का ये गलत है ऐसा न लिखे)

2. if he were my boss he would suspend  me(यहां भी heके बाद was का प्रयोग न करें)

Note. जहां इस प्रकार के conditional sentence में वास्तविक  स्थिति का बोध होता है तब subject के number और person  के मुताबिक verb का प्रयोग होता है
1.If you come here, I will teach you 
2.she looks as though, she has been working.

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One word substitution PART-11

One who has no means of live hood	Pauper
One who makes an eloquent public speech	Orator
One who spends one’s money recklessly	Spendthrift/Prodigal
One who sells fruit, vegetables etc. From a barrow in the streets	Grocer
One who shows lack of respect or religious reverence	Impious
Page number of a book	Folio
Pardon or forgiveness of sins by god	Remission
Particular point of good conduct , ceremony honour	Punctilio
Period of rest or sleep taken in the early afternoon	Siesta
Person singing jointly with others	Cosignatory
Person to whom another gives encouragement and help	Protégé
Person who changes his religious belief	Renegate/ Renegade
Personal belonging , equipments etc.	Paraphernalia
Place for ideal peace and happiness	Elysium
Place for public speaking	Rostrum
Plead to obtain a favour	Intercede
Pleasant or sharp to the taste	Piquant
Practise of using abuse	Scurrility
Presented in a forceful and convening manner	Cogent
Principal raw material or commodity grown in a locality	Staple
Put under the surface of water	Submerge
Scatter things among others or place here and there	Intersperse
Severe test of character or endurance	Ordeal
Short saying expressing a general truth	Maxim/proverb/dictum/adage
Smash to pieces	Shatter
Something that is detested	Anathema
Something which religion or custom regards as forbidden	Taboo
State of unconscious	Narcosis
Sticking together	Coherent
Story told to illustrate a moral or spiritual truth	Didactic
Stroke of good luck	Fluke
Study of literature dealing with lives of saints	Hagiology
Style in which a writer makes a display of his knowledge	Ornate
Substance used in place of sugar	Saccharin
Suffering from bodily or mental weakness because old age	Senile
Suggest in addition to the fundamental meaning	Connote

Suggest indirectly	Insinuate
Suggesting absence of thought or intellect	vacuous
System of religious worship	Cult
That cannot be erased or removed	Indelible
That cannot be weighed	Imponderable
That easily changes into gas or vapour	Volatile
That which can lessen the severity of (pain , disease)	Palliative
That which cannot be doubted or questioned	Unimpeachable
That which eats grass	Herbivore /herbivorous
Thing to be added at the end of a book etc.	Addendum
Theory of utility	Pragmatism
Turn or wander away from the main topic	Digress
Union of states, parties, or persons	Confederacy
Use in an unworthy or wicked way	Desecrate /defile
Use of public money for one’s own benefit	Peculation/embezzlement
Way out for water or stream	Outlet
Whole body of wage earners	Proletariat
Wide spread violence	Havoc
Witty clever retort	Repartee
Word formed from initial letters of a name	Acronym
Word made by changing the order of the letters in another word	Anagram
Woven fabric richly ornamented with designs	Brocade
Written law passed by the law making body	Statute
Of a very short duration of period	Transient
Not clearly expressed or understand	Inscrutable
Area of land almost surrounded by sea	Peninsula
Salt water lake separated from the sea by sand banks	Lagoon
Person who caters to the rich	Sycophant
One who doubts the soundness of inferences	Aesthetic
An expression of mild disapproval	Denigration
Art of poetry	Ceramics
Extreme old age when a man behaves like a fool	Dotage

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